【Abstract】 Objective Master prevalent situation and effective control measure of malaria in Hubei province. Methods The prevalent situation and control measure of malaria was analyzed by collecting the data of prevention, field investigation and surveillance of malaria and the net?reporting of malaria epidemic situation. Results There were 1769 cases of malaria in 2007 in Hubei including 1721 local cases, accounting for 97.29% and 48 exported cases (34 cases of vivax and 14 cases of falciparum), accounting for 2.71%. There were 1769 reported cases of malaria and the cure rate reached 100%. In the rest period of malaria, there were 8345 people cured who had the malaria infection history or were risk population. And the cure rate was 95.47%. There were 22 731 people taking preventive medicine, accounting for 84.17%. Thirty seven cases of malaria were found among 2497 people by field interview investigation. Of which, all the cases were cured including 36 cases cured regularly. And the regular cure rate was 97.30%. Thirty six cases were reported and one case failed to report. There were 79 cases reported in malaria monitoring sites in 2007 (28.01/ten thousand), decreasing by 14.13% compared with 2006 (92 cases). The average biting rate of Anopheles sinensis was 8.26/person·night in 2007,  increasing by 102% compared with 2006 (4.08 /person·night). The average biting rate of An.anthropophagus was 0.30/person·night in 2007, up 15.38% compared with 0.26/person·night in 2006. Conclusion The incidence of local malaria is basically stable, while the quantity of exported cases increases. It is effective to root up infection source.

【Abstract】 Objective To grasp the epidemic situation of malaria in Hubei province and consolidate the achievement of prevention and control. Methods The present status of malaria epidemic and its change situation were analyzed by collecting malaria data from 1994 to 2007. Results Incidence cases of malaria decreased from 4527 cases in 1994 to 1769 cases in 2007, down about 60.92%. Malaria epidemic situation continuously  fluctuated during 14 years, and sometime it broke out in the parts. The annual average incidence rate of malaria was 13 per million in the epidemic  area  transmitted  by  Anopheles sinensis,  and 199 per million in the areas transmitted by  Anopheles anthropophagus. Over 80%  cases  focused  on  the  areas  transmitted  by An.anthropophagus where its population only accounted for 26.37% of total population. Conclusion There was a great change of malaria distribution and epidemic situation in Hubei province. It should put the emphasis on the control of malaria especially the epidemic area transmitted by An. anthropophagus in the future.

Objective To understand the resistance of Anopheles to DDT and Deltamethrin,and then provide scientific evidence for the establishment of prevention and control strategy.Methods Adult Anopheles filter contact method recommended by WHO was used to observe the knockdown rate and the mortality of Anopheles,and the relationship of logarithm-probability was analyzed with the method of Finney probability.Results The Anopheles had high resistance to DDT and deltamethrin in Jingshan county,Anlu city and Xiaochang county,and the knockdown rates of DDT and deltamethrin discrimination dosage to it were less than 20%,and their mortality were all less than 50%.The KT ₅₀ values of DDT were 1718.63,343.73 and 624.45 min respectively,which had higher anti-knockdown capability.The LC ₅₀ of DDT exceeded 4%,accordant with that in 1996.The KT ₅₀ of deltamethrin were 227.78,138.41 and 263.41 min respectively,which were 34,20,44 times than that in 1996,respectively.The LT ₅₀ was 684.12 min,which was 306 times than that in 1998.Conclusion The resistance did not decrease after the forbiddance of DDT for many years,however,the resistance to deltamethrin increases at the several hundred times speed,which could be the obstacle of pyrethroid and DDT application,so we should carry out regular monitoring and make effective measures timely.

Objective To analyze epidemic situation of malaria and to establish an effective measure for prevention and control of malaria in Jiangsu,Shandong,Henan,Anhui and Hubei province.Methods Data were collected from reported malaria cases of 2004-2005,and epidemic situation of malaria was analyzed.Results Reported cases of malaria in 2004 were 14 536,with an incidence of 0.37 per ten thousands,which was 11.94% less than that in 2003.20 325 cases of malaria in 2005 year with an incidence 0.52 per ten thousands,it was 39.83%more than that in 2004.523 reported cases of inputted malaria,in which 39 cases was subtertian malaria,and 3 cases was died.95 county of incidence increased in 2004-2005 and 28 counties was at a high lever of malaria.Conclusion The incidence decreased in the area of malaria transmitted by Anopheles anthropophagus while the incidence increased in the area of malaria by An.sinensis.The result showed that high malaria epidemic area was extending from south to north of China.The inputted malaria cases was increasing.

Objective To study the measures for malaria control in Hubei and evaluate the control effects.Methods 2004-2005 malaria epidemic data in Hubei were collected to analyze the epidemic situation and the variational rule in Hubei.Results The incidence of Malaria in Hubei had decreased greatly in the recent 2 years(0.25/10 000),reaching the lowest level in history.The high epidemic areas has gradually shranked,so the low epidemic areas was extending.The incidence of malaria in Anopheles anthropophagus areas decreased greatly and local epidemic spots have been controlled effectively and the incidence in Anopheles sinensis areas was steady and decreased slightly.Conclusion The present measures taken for malaria control in Hubei are effective and the incidence of malaria has been controlled.The comprehensive control measures which is to control the infectious source should be taken continuously in the future.

Objective To identify species of anopheles vectors captured in varied areas of Hubei province with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) techniques.Methods Anopheline mosquitoes( Anopheles hyrcanus complex) captured at the fields of Hubei province were identified with traditional morphological classification and newly-established genetic methods(PCR-RFLP) based on the sequences of their ribosomal DNA in the ITS ₂ region.DNA sequence in Anopheles anthropophagus, Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles yatsushiroensisi were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 181 anopheline mosquitoes were captured and identified,including 176 identified as Anopheles sinensis and five as Anopheles anthropophagus according to their morphological features,and 172 identified as Anopheles sinensis,four as Anopheles anthropophagus and one as Anopheles yatsushiroensisi by PCR-RFLP.Conclusion Close-breeding anopheles,such as Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles yatsushiroensisi and Anopheles anthropophagus in Anopheles hyrcanus complex could be accurately identified by PCR-RFLP,which was suitable for the investigation and surveillance for malaria-vector mosquitoes in the areas with anopheles complex.

Objective To study formulations of Bacillus thuringensis for high effectiveness and long lasting control against larvae of mosquitoes.Methods To test different formulations with B.thuringensis,sawdust,glutinous and disperse materials were used as insecticide carrier on mosquito larvae control.The influence of formulations on non-target aquatic living things and animals were investigated in both lab and field.Results Persistence effectiveness was 1216 days with the floating granular of B.thuringensis isrelensis 187 strain against Anopheles sinensis in rice field and 12 and 17 days with the briquette formula against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes spieces lavae in small water collector.The persistence effective periods for B.sphaericus floating granular and briquette formula on C.pipiens quinquefasciatus were 19 and 94 days respectively.Conclusion To consider breeding sites in using formulations can control mosquitoe effectively,mosquito densities can reduced by 70%-100%.

Objective To evaluate effectiveness of mosquito control measures in Anopheles anthropophagus area. Methods To compare incidence of malaria and mosquito densities before and after treatment with immerged bednets and immerged bednets combined with residual spraying. Results The densities of An.anthropophagus reduced by 83.77% averagely in bednets,cowshed,pigpen and bite reduced by 98.46% while incidence of malaria showed 100% reduce in immerged bednets combined with residual spraying areas; The densities of An.anthropophagus reduced by 49.89% averagely in bednets,cowshed,pigpen and bite rate reduced by 92.00% while incidence of malaria showed 90.91% reduce in immerged bednets areas. Conclusion The statistic analysis showed no significance difference (χ ²=0.000 008 60.996, P>0.05) in reduction of mosquito densities and malaria incidence in both areas.

Objective To find out the relationship between malaria morbidity and distribution of their vectors. Methods Cross section study was employed for malaria cases investigation,vectors survey and its distribution. The vectorial capacity was evaluated via human blood index survey. Results The malaria endemics could be divided into one-vector-endemics in which only Anopheles sinensis is recorded,and two-vector-endemics in which A.sinensisand A.anthropophagusare recorded. The vectorial capacity in two-vector-endemics is as 44.47 times as that in one vector endemics. The malaria cases of two vector endemics ranges from 81.38% to 93.84% of the total cases of Hubei Province. Conclusion The malaria epidemic is related with the distribution of A.anthropophagus. It suggested that the malaria control should focus on A.anthropophagus.

Objective To explore the measures of economic and effectual control of malaria.Methods Three areas were chosen on similar natural condition、morbidity of malaria and population for the study.The disease reservoir was controlled in each area.The bed nets were treated with 2.5% deltamethrin( 15 mg/m ²) in one area.In addition to impregnated bed nets residual spraying with 5% Alphacypermethrin(25 mg/m ²) was carried out in cattle、pig pen and people activity areas in another area;No mosquito control measures were adopted in the control area.The study was evaluated and compared with the results of aetiology and the entomology.Results The densities of A.anthropophagus in houses、outside houses(men bait) and cattle、pig pen reduced by 100%,71.96%,94.01%,67.42% respectively,in the area with both treatments of impregnated-bed nets and residual spraying;In the area treated with impregnated bed nets method the densities outside houses(men bait) rose with 12.38% and those in other places was reduced by 99.63% 、18.71%、69.44% respectively.The biting rates of An.anthropophagus in the areas of treatment and in the control area were 0.1111,0.2222,1.1688 respectively;The morbidity of malaria in impregnated-bed nets?residual spraying with impregnated-bed nets and control areas decreased by 73.12%,57.71%,65.71% respectively.Conclusion Only impregnated bed nets and impregnated bed nets with residual spraying could reduce the density of A.anthropophagus in the house and they reduced more quickly for the density of A.anthropophagus with impregnated bed nets and residual spraying than for the only impregnated bed nets.

Objective:To ascertain habits and characteristic and biting blood taxis of Anopheles anthropophagus in different area for the scientific basis of malaria prevention.Methods:The density of An.anthropophagus was investigated in the house and cattle pen and pigpen once each ten day in July to September. An.anthropophagus biting rate and activity peak at all night,by induce of mosquito net and peak of season in the bed net.Biting taxis of An.anthropophagus was observed in different host.Results:The average density of An.anthropophagus was 5.70 each fifty net,and 7.44 each man and half night,and 6.41 every hour in Cattle pen,and 2.37 every hour in pigpen.The season peak of An.anthropophagus was the last ten-day period of August to the first ten-day period of September and the activity peak was 23∶00-1∶00 in the night.The biting rate was 5.049 3,and the suck blood habits was 0.240 6 that is 7.76 times higher than An.sinensis's.The taxis man blood was 89.75 per cent and the average of transmission malaria was 1.731 5,that is 8.25 times higher than An.sinensis's.Conclusion: An.anthropophagus was emerging in house and prefering man blood,and is important vector of malaria.

The An.anthropophagus density and malaria incidence were observed in the areas that were discontinued bednets impregnation with deltamethrin in Seng Qiao and Zao Wu town of Jing Shan County and Zao Shi town of Tian Men city.Average density of An.anthropophagus was 0.53 per net pretreatment,0 per net during treatment,0.029、0.056 and 0.28 per net respectively were observed in 1st、2nd、3rd year after discontinuing bednets impregnation.Malaria incidence was 51.17 per ten thousand before treatment,4.10 per ten thousand during treatment,4.63、14.55 and 9.50 per ten thousand respectively in 1st、2nd、3rd year after discontinuing treatment. An.anthropophagus density and malaria incidence were decreased very soon during bednets impregnation,but they rised again during discontinuing bednets impregnation year by year.

226 An.sinensis captured from cattle pens, pig pens, human houses and outside in Yingcheng city, Hubei province, were detected with ELISA.The rcsults showed that 29 mosuitoes were human bloodmeals (12.8%）, human blood index was 0.128.84 mosquitoes were bovine blcod-meals (37.2%).Other 113 mosquitoes tested by precipitation reaction were pig blood-meals.141 An.anthropophagus caught from human houses、 cattIe pens and pig pens in Yingcheng city were tested with ELISA.The results indicated that 124 An.anthrohoagus were human blood-meals (87.9%）.Human blood index was 0.879.15 were bovine blood-meals.The results identified that An.sinensis in Yingcheng city, Hubei province is the species of livestock blood-meals and concurrent human blood-meals, but An.anthwtgus is the species of human blcod-meals, and blood-meals habit is intimately related with the shelter of mequitoes.

Influence of B.T-187 emulsion on non-target aquatic living things was investigated in rice field.The showed that it was safe from harm to aquatic living things while B.T-187 emulsion was used as larval control of mosquitoes in rice field.After treatment of 24 hours at rate of 2.0 ppm 95～100% reduction of Anopheline and Culex Larvae, but any Side-effect was not found to aquatic living things.The quantity of aquatic organism aftor treatment was no difference from that before treatment.

In order to understand the role of Anopheles anthropophagus in malaria transmission in riceland of low mountain and hilly areas.The bionomics and role of An.anthropophagus in malaria transmission was carried out in Ying Chen city,Hubei province.The results showed that the anthropophagus adults stayed mostly in human houses and the average density was 0.46 per bednet.Two seasonal peaks were existed in a year, from late June to early July and from middie to late September.The proportion of An.anthropophagus in human houses, cattle sheds, pig sheds and the outside mosquito traps was 84.04%, 10.30%, 9.25% and 0.00% respectively.The vectorial capacity of An.anthropophagus Was 0. 1379.